The verbalization drill is incredibly effective. I did it for three straight weekends and it completely rewired how my eyes work on track. Another drill that helped me: have your instructor or a friend stand at different points around a corner (safely off track, obviously) and after the session ask where they were. If you could not see them, your vision was too narrow. At speed, you should have a wide awareness cone — focal point far ahead, but aware of everything in your peripheral field. It is the same skill fighter pilots train. The guys who are genuinely fast have eyes that sweep continuously. They never fixate.
This is the best description of vision technique I have read. One thing I would add: vision discipline breaks down when you get tired. Sessions 5 and 6 at the end of a long day are where I catch myself staring at the car in front of me or fixating on the apex cone instead of looking through the corner to the exit. Mental fatigue degrades your vision before it degrades your hands or feet. If you notice your eyes getting "lazy" and not sweeping ahead, that is your signal to come in. You will not learn anything driving on degraded vision — you will just practice bad habits.
I coach and this is genuinely the most impactful single technique I teach. Here is an additional concept that builds on what you described: "reference point stacking." Rather than having one reference point per phase (brake, turn-in, apex, exit), train yourself to see two reference points ahead at all times. When you are looking at the brake marker, your awareness should already include the turn-in point. When you look at the turn-in, you should already see the apex. This "stacking" creates a smooth visual flow instead of a staccato jump from point to point. It also gives you much earlier awareness of problems — if a car spins ahead of you, you see it a full second earlier because your vision was already scanning that area.
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