Real-time instruction delivered to the driver via two-way radio while they are on track. This allows the coach to provide feedback and guidance without being in the car, which is especially useful for experienced drivers working on refinement.
The Instructor Manifesto emphasizes the communication balance: "Instructing is all about communication. How do you communicate? Verbally and non-verbally. Be aware of how much you talk. There's a time to talk, a time to ask your student to talk (telling you what she's doing), and there's a time for being quiet (still paying attention, observing, making note of things to discuss later)." Bentley notes in Ultimate Speed Secrets that "a two-way radio is probably the best way of relaying information, as the driver can give input as well. There is often a lot of interference on the radio, however, so you can't always count on it." Radio coaching bridges in-car instruction and solo driving — the student must process and execute independently while receiving real-time cues.